... applicable, the ECJ has subsequently held that, in certain circumstances, Treaty provisions, Decisions, and Directives can have direct vertical effect as well. Directives are not directly applicable in the UK there is a requirement that member states change their national laws within a stated period of time in order to give effect to the directive. This is because the UK operates a 'dualist' legal system as opposed to a monist legal system. A dualist system emphasizes the difference between national and international law, and requires the translation of international law into national law whereas a monist legal system International law does not need to be translated into national law. In the UK. Directives can be implemented either by statute or by delegated legislation under the European Communities Act 1972. The decision in the case of Van Gend en Loos 1created the concept of direct effect, namely the creation of rights ...

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